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A 20–30 foot (6–9 meters) length of small-diameter garden hose or other flexible tubing.The hose-tube method for determining head involves taking stream-depth measurements across the width of the stream you intend to use for your system - from the point at which you want to place the penstock to the point at which you want to place the turbine. Geological Survey maps of your area or the hose-tube method. To get a rough estimate, you can use U.S. The most accurate way to determine gross head is to have a professional survey the site. Net head equals gross head minus losses due to friction and turbulence in the piping. Gross head is the vertical distance between the top of the forebay water level where the penstock (or pipe) that conveys the water under pressure is attached and the level of water where the turbine water discharges. When determining head, you need to consider both gross head and net head. This type of turbine was originally used to power scientific instruments towed behind oil exploration ships, and are similar to some hydrokinetic power systems from river or tidal currents. However, for extremely small power generation amounts, a flowing stream with as little as 13 inches of water can support a submersible turbine. A vertical drop of less than 2 feet (0.6 meters) will probably make a small-scale hydroelectric system unfeasible.
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Low head refers to a change in elevation of less than 66 feet (20 meters), and ultralow head refers to a change in elevation of less than 10 feet (3 meters). The higher the head the better because you'll need less water to produce a given amount of power and you can use smaller, less expensive equipment. Most micro-hydropower sites are categorized as low or high head. Head also is a function of the characteristics of the channel or pipe through which it flows. When evaluating a potential site, head is usually measured in feet, meters, or units of pressure. In a potential micro-hydropower site, head is the vertical distance that water falls. That will give you the system's output in watts (W). Simply multiply net head (the vertical distance available after subtracting losses such as pipe friction - the losses will depend on the type size of the pipe among other things, but can be estimated to be from 5 to 10 percent for preliminary calculations) by flow (use U.S. Once you've determined the head and flow, then you can use a simple equation to estimate the power output for a system with 50% to 70% efficiency or more, which is representative of most micro-hydropower systems. Head - the vertical distance the water falls.This involves determining these two things: To see if a micro-hydropower system would work for you, you will want to determine the amount of power that you can obtain from the flowing water on your site. Other considerations for a potential micro-hydropower site include its power output, economics, permits, and water rights. A sufficient quantity of falling water must be available, which usually, but not always, means that hilly or mountainous sites are best. To build a micro-hydropower system, you need access to flowing water on your property.